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- Стр. 886/1273
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But
the
mind
of
man
not
only
refuses
to
believe
this
explanation
,
but
plainly
says
that
this
method
of
explanation
is
fallacious
,
because
in
it
a
weaker
phenomenon
is
taken
as
the
cause
of
a
stronger
.
The
sum
of
human
wills
produced
the
Revolution
and
Napoleon
,
and
only
the
sum
of
those
wills
first
tolerated
and
then
destroyed
them
.
"
But
every
time
there
have
been
conquests
there
have
been
conquerors
;
every
time
there
has
been
a
revolution
in
any
state
there
have
been
great
men
,
"
says
history
.
And
,
indeed
,
human
reason
replies
:
every
time
conquerors
appear
there
have
been
wars
,
but
this
does
not
prove
that
the
conquerors
caused
the
wars
and
that
it
is
possible
to
find
the
laws
of
a
war
in
the
personal
activity
of
a
single
man
.
Whenever
I
look
at
my
watch
and
its
hands
point
to
ten
,
I
hear
the
bells
of
the
neighboring
church
;
but
because
the
bells
begin
to
ring
when
the
hands
of
the
clock
reach
ten
,
I
have
no
right
to
assume
that
the
movement
of
the
bells
is
caused
by
the
position
of
the
hands
of
the
watch
.
Whenever
I
see
the
movement
of
a
locomotive
I
hear
the
whistle
and
see
the
valves
opening
and
wheels
turning
;
but
I
have
no
right
to
conclude
that
the
whistling
and
the
turning
of
wheels
are
the
cause
of
the
movement
of
the
engine
.
The
peasants
say
that
a
cold
wind
blows
in
late
spring
because
the
oaks
are
budding
,
and
really
every
spring
cold
winds
do
blow
when
the
oak
is
budding
But
though
I
do
not
know
what
causes
the
cold
winds
to
blow
when
the
oak
buds
unfold
,
I
can
not
agree
with
the
peasants
that
the
unfolding
of
the
oak
buds
is
the
cause
of
the
cold
wind
,
for
the
force
of
the
wind
is
beyond
the
influence
of
the
buds
.
I
see
only
a
coincidence
of
occurrences
such
as
happens
with
all
the
phenomena
of
life
,
and
I
see
that
however
much
and
however
carefully
I
observe
the
hands
of
the
watch
,
and
the
valves
and
wheels
of
the
engine
,
and
the
oak
,
I
shall
not
discover
the
cause
of
the
bells
ringing
,
the
engine
moving
,
or
of
the
winds
of
spring
.
To
that
I
must
entirely
change
my
point
of
view
and
study
the
laws
of
the
movement
of
steam
,
of
the
bells
,
and
of
the
wind
.
History
must
do
the
same
.
And
attempts
in
this
direction
have
already
been
made
.
To
study
the
laws
of
history
we
must
completely
change
the
subject
of
our
observation
,
must
leave
aside
kings
,
ministers
,
and
generals
,
and
study
the
common
,
infinitesimally
small
elements
by
which
the
masses
are
moved
.
No
one
can
say
in
how
far
it
is
possible
for
man
to
advance
in
this
way
toward
an
understanding
of
the
laws
of
history
;
but
it
is
evident
that
only
along
that
path
does
the
possibility
of
discovering
the
laws
of
history
lie
,
and
that
as
yet
not
a
millionth
part
as
much
mental
effort
has
been
applied
in
this
direction
by
historians
as
has
been
devoted
to
describing
the
actions
of
various
kings
,
commanders
,
and
ministers
and
propounding
the
historians
'
own
reflections
concerning
these
actions
.
The
forces
of
a
dozen
European
nations
burst
into
Russia
.
The
Russian
army
and
people
avoided
a
collision
till
Smolénsk
was
reached
,
and
again
from
Smolénsk
to
Borodinó
.
The
French
army
pushed
on
to
Moscow
,
its
goal
,
its
impetus
ever
increasing
as
it
neared
its
aim
,
just
as
the
velocity
of
a
falling
body
increases
as
it
approaches
the
earth
.
Behind
it
were
seven
hundred
miles
of
hunger-stricken
,
hostile
country
;
ahead
were
a
few
dozen
miles
separating
it
from
its
goal
.
Every
soldier
in
Napoleon
's
army
felt
this
and
the
invasion
moved
on
by
its
own
momentum
.
The
more
the
Russian
army
retreated
the
more
fiercely
a
spirit
of
hatred
of
the
enemy
flared
up
,
and
while
it
retreated
the
army
increased
and
consolidated
.
At
Borodinó
a
collision
took
place
.
Neither
army
was
broken
up
,
but
the
Russian
army
retreated
immediately
after
the
collision
as
inevitably
as
a
ball
recoils
after
colliding
with
another
having
a
greater
momentum
,
and
with
equal
inevitability
the
ball
of
invasion
that
had
advanced
with
such
momentum
rolled
on
for
some
distance
,
though
the
collision
had
deprived
it
of
all
its
force
.
The
Russians
retreated
eighty
miles
--
to
beyond
Moscow
--
and
the
French
reached
Moscow
and
there
came
to
a
standstill
.
For
five
weeks
after
that
there
was
not
a
single
battle
.
The
French
did
not
move
.
As
a
bleeding
,
mortally
wounded
animal
licks
its
wounds
,
they
remained
inert
in
Moscow
for
five
weeks
,
and
then
suddenly
,
with
no
fresh
reason
,
fled
back
:
they
made
a
dash
for
the
Kalúga
road
,
and
(
after
a
victory
--
for
at
Málo-Yaroslávets
the
field
of
conflict
again
remained
theirs
)
without
undertaking
a
single
serious
battle
,
they
fled
still
more
rapidly
back
to
Smolénsk
,
beyond
Smolénsk
,
beyond
the
Berëzina
,
beyond
Vílna
,
and
farther
still
.
