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To
the
question
of
what
causes
historic
events
another
answer
presents
itself
,
namely
,
that
the
course
of
human
events
is
predetermined
from
on
high
--
depends
on
the
coincidence
of
the
wills
of
all
who
take
part
in
the
events
,
and
that
a
Napoleon
's
influence
on
the
course
of
these
events
is
purely
external
and
fictitious
.
Strange
as
at
first
glance
it
may
seem
to
suppose
that
the
Massacre
of
St.
Bartholomew
was
not
due
to
Charles
IX
's
will
,
though
he
gave
the
order
for
it
and
thought
it
was
done
as
a
result
of
that
order
;
and
strange
as
it
may
seem
to
suppose
that
the
slaughter
of
eighty
thousand
men
at
Borodinó
was
not
due
to
Napoleon
's
will
,
though
he
ordered
the
commencement
and
conduct
of
the
battle
and
thought
it
was
done
because
he
ordered
it
;
strange
as
these
suppositions
appear
,
yet
human
dignity
--
which
tells
me
that
each
of
us
is
,
if
not
more
at
least
not
less
a
man
than
the
great
Napoleon
--
demands
the
acceptance
of
that
solution
of
the
question
,
and
historic
investigation
abundantly
confirms
it
.
At
the
battle
of
Borodinó
Napoleon
shot
at
no
one
and
killed
no
one
.
That
was
all
done
by
the
soldiers
.
Therefore
it
was
not
he
who
killed
people
.
The
French
soldiers
went
to
kill
and
be
killed
at
the
battle
of
Borodinó
not
because
of
Napoleon
's
orders
but
by
their
own
volition
.
The
whole
army
--
French
,
Italian
,
German
,
Polish
,
and
Dutch
--
hungry
,
ragged
,
and
weary
of
the
campaign
,
felt
at
the
sight
of
an
army
blocking
their
road
to
Moscow
that
the
wine
was
drawn
and
must
be
drunk
.
Had
Napoleon
then
forbidden
them
to
fight
the
Russians
,
they
would
have
killed
him
and
have
proceeded
to
fight
the
Russians
because
it
was
inevitable
.
When
they
heard
Napoleon
's
proclamation
offering
them
,
as
compensation
for
mutilation
and
death
,
the
words
of
posterity
about
their
having
been
in
the
battle
before
Moscow
,
they
cried
"
Vive
l'Empereur
!
"
just
as
they
had
cried
"
Vive
l'Empereur
!
"
at
the
sight
of
the
portrait
of
the
boy
piercing
the
terrestrial
globe
with
a
toy
stick
,
and
just
as
they
would
have
cried
"
Vive
l'Empereur
!
"
at
any
nonsense
that
might
be
told
them
.
There
was
nothing
left
for
them
to
do
but
cry
"
Vive
l'Empereur
!
"
and
go
to
fight
,
in
order
to
get
food
and
rest
as
conquerors
in
Moscow
.
So
it
was
not
because
of
Napoleon
's
commands
that
they
killed
their
fellow
men
.
And
it
was
not
Napoleon
who
directed
the
course
of
the
battle
,
for
none
of
his
orders
were
executed
and
during
the
battle
he
did
not
know
what
was
going
on
before
him
.
So
the
way
in
which
these
people
killed
one
another
was
not
decided
by
Napoleon
's
will
but
occurred
independently
of
him
,
in
accord
with
the
will
of
hundreds
of
thousands
of
people
who
took
part
in
the
common
action
.
It
only
seemed
to
Napoleon
that
it
all
took
place
by
his
will
.
And
so
the
question
whether
he
had
or
had
not
a
cold
has
no
more
historic
interest
than
the
cold
of
the
least
of
the
transport
soldiers
.
Moreover
,
the
assertion
made
by
various
writers
that
his
cold
was
the
cause
of
his
dispositions
not
being
as
well-planned
as
on
former
occasions
,
and
of
his
orders
during
the
battle
not
being
as
good
as
previously
,
is
quite
baseless
,
which
again
shows
that
Napoleon
's
cold
on
the
twenty-sixth
of
August
was
unimportant
.
The
dispositions
cited
above
are
not
at
all
worse
,
but
are
even
better
,
than
previous
dispositions
by
which
he
had
won
victories
.
His
pseudo-orders
during
the
battle
were
also
no
worse
than
formerly
,
but
much
the
same
as
usual
.
These
dispositions
and
orders
only
seem
worse
than
previous
ones
because
the
battle
of
Borodinó
was
the
first
Napoleon
did
not
win
.
The
profoundest
and
most
excellent
dispositions
and
orders
seem
very
bad
,
and
every
learned
militarist
criticizes
them
with
looks
of
importance
,
when
they
relate
to
a
battle
that
has
been
lost
,
and
the
very
worst
dispositions
and
orders
seem
very
good
,
and
serious
people
fill
whole
volumes
to
demonstrate
their
merits
,
when
they
relate
to
a
battle
that
has
been
won
.
The
dispositions
drawn
up
by
Weyrother
for
the
battle
of
Austerlitz
were
a
model
of
perfection
for
that
kind
of
composition
,
but
still
they
were
criticized
--
criticized
for
their
very
perfection
,
for
their
excessive
minuteness
.
